Preterm (also known as preterm birth) is the birth of a baby for the standard period of the pregnancy is completed. In most systems of human pregnancy, prematurity is considered to occur when the baby is born earlier than 37 weeks after the start of the last menstrual period (LMP). The opposite condition, postmature birth, is defined as the birth more than 42 weeks after the LMP. While there are several known risk factors for prematurity (see below), almost half of all premature births have no known cause. Where circumstances permit, doctors may try to stop premature labor, so that pregnancy can have a chance to go to the full term, making the baby the chances of health and survival. However, there is currently no reliable way to stop or prevent preterm labour in all cases. In fact, the rate of preterm births in the United States has increased from 30% in the past two decades. [7] In developed countries premature babies are usually cared for in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). The doctors who specialize in caring for very sick or premature babies are known as neonatologists. In the NICU, premature babies were kept in incubators or radiant warmers (also called isolettes), which enclosed in plastic bassinets with climate control equipment designed to restrict them warm and their exposure to bacteria. Modern neonatal intensive care is refined measurement of temperature, respiration, heart, and brain oxygenation. Treatments may include moisture and nutrition through intravenous catheters, oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation support, and medication. In developing countries where advanced equipment and even electricity may not be available or reliable, simple measures such as kangaroo care (skin warming skin), encouraging breastfeeding, and basic infection control measures can significantly reduce preterm morbidity and mortality. Of urinary tract infections directly cause preterm birth is uncertain, but it is known to increase urinary tract infections pre-eclampsia, which, as stated above increases the risk of premature birth. Sexually Transmitted Infection STD, Beta Strep, kidney disease and uterine infections are also suspected of increasing the risk of premature birth. Women who have tried to remember for more than a year earlier get pregnant are at a higher risk for premature delivery. A recent study conducted by Dr. Olga Basso of the University of Aarhus in Denmark and Dr. Donna Baird of the American National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences suggests that women who had difficulty conceiving were approximately 40 percent higher risk of preterm birth than those who had Geconcipieerd easy. Postponement of the premature birth prevention is usually the most preferred option. This gives the fetus or fetuses as much time as possible to mature in the womb. There are a number of techniques that may be used to try to achieve this goal. The first is usually complete bed rest. Maintaining a horizontal position reduces the pressure on the cervix, which would allow longer stays extended, and the avoidance of unnecessary traffic can reduce uterine irritation, which can lead to contractions. Also especially good nutrition and hydration are important: dehydration can lead to a premature uterine contractions. In a hospital, a drug-free IV infusion can be used to try to stop premature labor simply by improving the mother hydration. Finally, there are anti-contraction medications (tocolytics), as ritodrine, fenoterol, nifedipine and atosiban, but this is not more than a short-term impact on the postponement of the delivery. Preterm can not always be avoided. Severely premature babies may have underdeveloped lungs, because they are not yet producing their own surfactant. This can lead directly to Respiratory Distress Syndrome, also known as hyaline membrane disease in the newborn. To try to reduce the risk of this result, pregnant mothers with threatened premature before 34 weeks have often given at least one course of glucocorticoids, a steroid that the placenta and stimulates growth in the lungs of the foetus. Typical glucocorticoids that would be administered in this context, betamethasone or dexamethasone, often when the fetus has reached viability at 23 weeks. In cases where premature threatening, a second rescue course of steroids can be administered 12 to 24 hours before the expected birth. There is no research consensus on the efficacy and side effects of a second course of steroids, but the consequences of RDS are so severe that half course is often seen as worth the risk. Some of the complications associated with prematurity are not clear until years after birth. For example, children who were born prematurely (especially if born less than 1500 grams) have a higher risk of behavioral problems, delays in motor development, and problems at the school. Specifically these problems can be described as within the executive domain and are speculated to arise as a result of reduced myelinization of the frontal lobes. [30] whole life they are more likely to require services provided by physical therapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists. Adequate nutrition through a feeding tube or, in very premature babies, intravenously. If a feeding tube is used, expressed breast milk of the mother of a breast milk bank can be used, that a reduction in the risk of infections such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Historical figures who were born prematurely included Johannes Kepler (born in 1571 in 7 months pregnant), Isaac Newton (born in 1643, small enough to fit into a quart cup, according to his mother), Winston Churchill (born in 1874 at 7 Dracht months), and Anna Pavlova (born in 1885 in 7 months pregnant). [38]
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